About Truth Decay

The line between fact and fiction in American public life is becoming blurred. RAND calls this phenomenon "Truth Decay," and our researchers are studying its causes, consequences, and how to counter it.

The Causes

America's current era of Truth Decay is defined in part by an increasing disagreement about objective facts that exists on scale not observed in previous periods. For example, despite having more evidence than ever before about vaccines being safe and effective at preventing disease, vaccine skepticism in the United States is on the rise.

This is just one example of how public attitudes can diverge from facts and data in debates and discourse. So what's behind the decline?

RAND researchers have identified four main drivers:

1. cognitive biases
2. changes to the information ecosystem, including the rise of social media and changes in the economics of news
3. demands on the educational system that slow its ability to adapt to changes in the information ecosystem
4. political and social polarization

The Consequences

Without a common set of facts, it will be challenging to make progress on any of the major issues facing the country: COVID-19, healthcare, immigration, climate change, poverty and homelessness, and many others. Policymakers need shared facts and data to debate priorities and tradeoffs and to make effective policy decisions.

At the individual level, the diminishing role of facts can erode public trust in institutions, feed deepening political and other types of polarization, weaken or displace the meaningful civil discourse required for a healthy democracy, and contribute to alienation and disengagement. Furthermore, a rejection of facts can have immediate consequences for individuals. In the case of COVID-19, for example, rejecting facts about the disease and how it spreads can lead to health complications and even death.

The Solutions

Countering Truth Decay will require a multifaceted and interdisciplinary effort from research organizations, policymakers, tech companies, the media, educators, and individuals. It is essential to continue to learn more about this vast problem, but RAND researchers have already identified some important elements of finding solutions:

• Educational interventions, such as refreshing civic education in U.S. public schools and providing better tools to support media literacy, will be important.
• Rebuilding public trust in institutions will also be essential. This will require a range of reforms including those focused on government transparency, inclusion, and building shared national experiences to revitalize America's civic infrastructure.
• We also need changes in the way information is disseminated, including journalism that better disentangles fact and opinion and more accessible science communication.
• Finally, researchers are brainstorming about tools and governance mechanisms to address the spread of online disinformation.

This is only the beginning. RAND urges individuals and organizations to join with us in restoring the role of facts, data, and analysis in American public life.